Livestock and Poultry Data

Deleted items include:

• Litters of hogs farrowed.
• Separate data for number of feeder pigs sold.
• Incubator egg capacity.
• Number of sheep and lambs shorn.
• Gallons of goat milk sold.

Added items include:

• Type of hog and pig operation, i.e. farrow to wean, farrow to feeder, etc.
• Type of hog and pig producer, i.e. independent grower, contractor or integrator, contract grower (contractee).
• Inventory of Cattle on feed.

Items listed individually in the 2002 report form that were reported in conjunction with similar livestock or poultry items on the 1997 report form include:

• Emus and Ostriches were listed as separate items and are no longer reported as Other poultry.
• Llama, Bison, Deer, and Elk were listed as separate items and are no longer reported as Other livestock and livestock products.
• Other food fish, Baitfish, Crustaceans, Mollusks, Ornamental fish, and Sport or game fish were listed as separate items and are no longer reported as Other fish or Other aquaculture products.

Items combined with another item(s) on the 2002 report form that were reported individually on the 1997 report form include:

• Number of heifers and heifer calves and number of Steers, steer calves, bulls, and bull calves were combined into one category called Other Cattle.
• Pullets 13 weeks old to 19 weeks old and Pullet chicks and pullets less than 13 weeks old were combined into one category called Pullets for laying flock replacement.
• Turkeys for slaughter and Turkey hens kept for breeding were combined into one category called Turkeys.
• Number of farms with Goat milk sold was included with Other livestock products.
• Number or pounds of crawfish sold was included in crustaceans.
• Number or pounds of hybrid-striped bass sold was included with Other food fish.

Economic, Land Use, or Operator
Characteristic Data

Deleted items include:

• Use and type of grazing permit.
• Gross value of sales for cattle fattened on grain or concentrates.
• Gross value of sales for feeder pigs.
• Gross value of sales for individual nursery and greenhouse items.
• Separate data for commercially mixed formula feed expenditures.
• Number of motortrucks and number of mower conditioners.
• Farm-related injuries and deaths.

Added items include:

• Number of self-propelled forage harvesters.
• Question that identifies hired or contract workers as migrant workers.
• Production contracts, including units of the commodity raised and delivered and payments received from the contractor.
• Information on which input items contractors provided (feeder livestock and poultry, feed, fertilizer and lime, chemicals, supplies, fuels, utilities, veterinary services, breeding livestock, and seed). However, tabulations of these individual items were not published. They were used in the calculation of Net cash farm income.
• Value of certified organically produced commodities.
• Money received for participation in other Federal farm programs. On the 1997 report form, this information was derivable by subtraction from other information provided by respondents.
• Questions relating to use of American Indian Reservation land for production of crops and livestock, e.g. total acres used, acres of cropland harvested, and percent of operation’s livestock on the reservation. These questions only appeared on the regions 8 and 10 report forms and data are tabulated in the 2002 Census of Agriculture Specialty Products, Part 1, American Indian Reservations - Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota Pilot Project.
• Total number of all operators on the operation.
• Total number of women operators on the operation.
• Demographic items for up to three operators per farm.
• Number of persons living in the operators’ households.
• Percent of principal operator’s total household income from the agricultural operation.
• Number of households sharing in the net farm income derived from the operation.
• Questions about computer use and Internet access.
• Questions to identify whether the principal operator is a hired manager.

Items listed individually on the 2002 report form that were reported in conjunction with similar items on the 1997 report form include:

• Patronage dividends were collected separately from Other farm-related income.
• Production expenses for Livestock and poultry purchased were divided into Breeding livestock, regardless of age, and All other livestock and poultry purchased.
• Partnerships were asked to report whether they were registered under state law.
• Asian or Pacific Islander was broken into two separate categories.

Items combined with another item(s) on the 2002 report form that were reported individually on the 1997 report form include:

• Cropland idle or used for cover crops or soil-improvement, but not harvested and not pastured or grazed combined Cropland idle and Cropland in cover crops, legumes, and soil-improvement grasses, not harvested and not pastured.
• Gross value of sales of several items were combined. These include:

- Individual grains (e.g. corn, rice, wheat, etc.), dry beans and peas, flaxseed, popcorn, safflower, sunflower seed, and rye were combined into one category called Grains, oilseeds, dry beans, and dry peas.
- Hay, silage, field seeds, and grass seeds (excluding grain silage and forage) were combined with Other crops to form a value of sales category called Other Crops and Hay.
- Individual nursery and greenhouse items were combined into one category called Nursery, greenhouse, floriculture, and sod.
- Sales of cut Christmas trees was combined with value of short-rotation woody crops. Cut Christmas trees was a separate nursery sale item and short-rotation woody crops was collected in Other nursery crops in 1997.
- Calves weighing less than 500 pounds sold and Cattle including calves weighing 500 pounds or more sold were combined into one category called Cattle and calves sold.
- Angora goats and mohair, Milk goats and their milk, Other goats, and Sheep, lambs, and wool sold were combined into one category called Sheep, goats, and their products sold.
- Horses and ponies of all ages sold and Mules, burros, and donkeys sold were combined into one category called Horses, ponies, mules, burros, and donkeys.
- Colonies of bees and honey, Mink and their pelts, and Rabbits and their pelts sold were combined into one category called Other animals and other animal products sold.

• Dollars received from Government CCC loans by individual commodity (corn, wheat, sorghum, canola, rice, etc.) were combined into one category called Total amount received in 2002 from Government CCC loans for all crops.
• Production expenses for Gasoline and gasohol, Diesel fuel, Natural gas, and LP gas, fuel oil, kerosene, motor oil, grease, etc. were merged into one category called Gasoline, fuels, and oils purchased for the farm business.

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DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS

The following definitions and explanations provide a detailed description of specific terms and phrases used in this publication. Items in the publication tables which carry the note ‘‘See text’’ also are explained. For an exact wording of the questions on the 2002 report forms and the information sheet which accompanied these forms, see Appendix D. Many of the definitions and explanations are the same as those used in earlier censuses.

Acres and quantity harvested. Crops were reported in whole acres, except for the following crops that were reported in tenths of acres: potatoes, sweetpotatoes, tobacco, fruit and nut crops including land in orchards, berries, vegetables, nursery and greenhouse crops in the open; in Hawaii, taro, ginger root, and lotus root; and in Wisconsin and Michigan, ginseng. Totals for crops reported in tenths of acres were rounded to whole acres at the aggregate level during the tabulation process. Nursery and greenhouse crops grown under glass or other protection were reported in square feet and are published in square feet.

If two or more crops were harvested from the same land during the year, the acres were counted for each crop. Therefore, the total acres of all crops harvested generally exceeded the acres of cropland harvested. An exception to this procedure was hay crops.

When more than one cutting of hay was taken from the same acres, the acres were counted only once but the quantity harvested included all cuttings. Acreage cut for both dry hay and haylage, silage, or greenchop was reported for each crop. For interplanted crops or ‘‘skip-row’’ crops, acres were reported according to the portion of the field occupied by each crop. If a crop was interplanted in an orchard or vineyard and harvested, then the entire orchard or vineyard acreage was reported under the appropriate fruit crop and the interplanted estimated crop acreage was reported under the appropriate crop.

If a crop was planted but not harvested, the acres were not reported as harvested. These acres were reported in the ‘‘land’’ section on the report form under the appropriate cropland items cropland used only for pasture or grazing, cropland on which all crops failed or were abandoned, cropland idle or used for cover crops or soil-improvement but not harvested and not pastured or grazed, or cropland in cultivated summer fallow. This does not include fruit and nut orchards and vineyards that were not harvested. All land in orchards was reported as cropland harvested.

Crops that were only hogged or grazed, were reported as ‘‘cropland used only for pasture or grazing.’’ Crop residue left in fields after harvest and later hogged or grazed was not reported as cropland used only for pasture or grazing, but reported as cropland harvested.

Quantity harvested was not obtained in 2002 for crops such as fruits and nuts, berries, vegetables and melons, and nursery and greenhouse crops.

Acres of land in bearing and nonbearing fruit orchards, citrus or other groves, vineyards, and nut trees were reported as harvested cropland, regardless of whether the crop was harvested or failed. Abandoned orchards were reported as cropland idle, not as harvested cropland, and the individual abandoned orchard crop acres were not reported.

Age of operator. See Operator characteristics; Farms by age and primary occupation of operator.

All (multiple) operators. See Operators, all (multiple).

American Indian and Alaska Native farm operators, total. This category was previously labeled American Indian farm operators, however, Alaska Native operators were counted in this category as well. Data are reported in Table A of Appendix B. Unlike the race data reported in Chapter 1, Table 52 and Chapter 2, Table 43, these data include all operators who selected the American Indian or Alaska Native race category on the report form, regardless of whether they also checked another race category. The data also include the number of operators who did not report individually, but were counted on a supplemental report form from American Indian reservations.

Aquaculture. The number and pounds sold and value of sales include aquaculture items sold or moved by commercial farms and by state and Federal hatcheries. These hatcheries primarily distribute fish for restoration, conservation, and recreational purposes and receive no payment. Values based on sales of farm-raised fish were assigned to distributed fish. The methodology used to collect and tabulate the information for the 2002 census was unchanged from 1997. However, the coverage of state and Federal fish hatcheries improved in 2002, so a direct comparison of data between 1997 and 2002 may not be possible.

Baitfish. This is a new category for 2002. These are fish used for bait. Examples include chubs, fathead minnows and other types of minnows, feeder goldfish, golden shiners, killifish, and suckers.

Bees. See Colonies of bees and honey.

Canola. This is the total of canola (edible rapeseed) and industrial rapeseed. In 1997 this category was referred to as “Canola and other rapeseed.” This is only a wording change; all data are comparable.

Cattle on feed (COF) inventory. This is a new item for the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, cattle on feed was only reported as a sales item, not an inventory item. COF is defined as cattle and calves being fed a grain or concentrate ration (for the slaughter market) which is expected to produce a carcass that will grade select or better.

Certified organically produced commodities. See Value of certified organically produced commodities.

Chemicals. For each type of chemical used, the acres treated were reported only once even if the acres were fertilized or treated more than once. If multi-purpose chemicals were used, the acres treated for each purpose were reported. See Total farm production expenses; Chemicals.

Cherries. In the 2002 census, cherries were reported as either Sweet cherries or Tart cherries. Combined crops or non-specified cherry acres were not options for the respondent. Total acres were reported by crop, and the total acreage classified into bearing acres and nonbearing acres on the operation. Production, yield, irrigated acres by crop, and tree numbers were not collected. In the 1997 census, cherries were reported as sweet cherries, tart cherries, or nonspecific cherries depending on the region.

Christmas trees, cut. Data are for acres of Christmas trees - cut or to be cut - in production and number of trees cut. They were reported as woodland crops. In the 1997 census, cut Christmas trees were reported as a nursery and greenhouse crop. Data are not comparable.

Christmas trees, live. Data were reported as nursery stock and are Christmas trees sold live from the operation.

Citrus enumeration. Reports for selected citrus caretakers in Arizona, Florida, and Texas were obtained by direct enumeration. A citrus caretaker is an organization or person caring for or managing citrus groves for others. This special enumeration has been conducted since 1969 because of the difficulty identifying and enumerating absentee grove owners who often do not know the information that is needed to adequately complete the report form. Two significant changes were implemented in the 2002 Citrus Caretakers Survey. First, enumeration activities were completed after harvest to facilitate the accuracy of reported data. Second, grove owners were counted as operators for farm count purposes. Citrus caretakers were perceived as performing an agricultural service for grove owners and were not considered agricultural operators if they provided only services to grove owners. Caretakers were counted as agricultural operators if they managed land owned by the grove care company in addition to providing services for grove owners. Data provided by caretakers were prorated to owners based on acreage and were transcribed onto the respective owner’s census report form. In the 2002 census, 12 caretakers in Arizona reported 78 grove owners having 12,500 acres of citrus, 135 caretakers in Florida reported 2,400 grove owners having 232,000 acres of citrus, and 14 caretakers in Texas reported 351 grove owners having 14,500 acres of citrus.

Coffee. Data were collected only in Hawaii. In the 2002 census, data for total acres, bearing acres, and nonbearing acres were collected. Quantity produced was not collected. In the 1997 census, data included total acres, number of bearing trees, number of nonbearing trees, and pounds harvested.

Colonies of bees and honey. In the 2002 census, colonies of bees were tabulated in the county where the owner of the colonies largest value of agricultural products was raised or produced. In the 1997 census, colonies were tabulated in the county where the colonies were located. Colonies are often moved from farm to farm over a wide geographic area. Package bees are not included as separate colonies.

Commodities raised and delivered under production contract. A production contract is an agreement between a grower and a contractor that specifies the grower will raise an agricultural commodity and the contractor (integrator) will provide certain inputs such as feed, fertilizer, etc. The grower receives a payment or fee from the contractor, generally after delivery, which is usually less than the full market price of the commodity. The contractor takes possession of the raised commodity at the end of the growing period. Marketing contracts, futures contracts, forward contracts, or other contracts based strictly on price are not considered production contracts. Commodities sold to a co-op where some of the input items were purchased from the same co-op at a discount price were also excluded. Many operations produce only under production contracts or only independently. Some hog operations may produce hogs under production contract and also produce hogs that they sell independently. In the hogs tables, these farms and their inventories are shown under both categories.

Commodity Credit Corporation loans. This category includes nonrecourse marketing loans for wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, cotton, rice, soybeans, graded wool, non-graded wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, small chickpeas, sunflower seed, flaxseed, canola, rapeseed, safflower seed, mustard seed, crambe and sesame. These commodities differ from those included in the 1997 census due to changes created by the 2002 Farm Bill.

Conservation Reserve Programs or Wetlands Reserve Programs. See Land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP) or Wetlands Reserve Programs (WRP).

Crop units of measure - field crops. The regional report forms allowed the operator to report the quantity of field crops harvested in a unit of measure commonly used in the region. When the operator reported in units different than the unit of measure published, the quantity harvested was converted to the published unit of measure.

Crop year or season covered. Acres and quantity harvested are for the calendar year 2002 except for citrus crops and sugarcane for sugar in Florida and Texas; avocados in Florida and California; olives in California; and pineapples in Hawaii.
1) Avocados. The data for Florida relate to the quantity in the April 2002 through March 2003 harvest season; and for California, the November 2001 through November 2002 harvest season.
2) Citrus crops. The data for Florida and Texas relate to the quantity harvested in the September 2001 through August 2002 harvest season, except limes in Florida that were harvested in the April 2002 through March 2003 harvest season. The data for California and Arizona relate to the 2001 through 2002 harvest season.
3) Olives. The data for California relate to the September 2001 through March 2002 harvest season.
4) Pineapples. The data for Hawaii relate to the quantity harvested in the year ending May 31, 2002.
5) Sugarcane for sugar. The data for Florida relate to the cuttings from November 2001 through April 2002; and for Texas, the cuttings from October 2001 through April 2002.

Cropland, harvested. See Harvested cropland.

Cropland idle or used for cover crops or soil-improvement but not harvested and not pastured or grazed. This is a new category for 2002. Cropland idle and cropland used for cover crops or soil improvement but not harvested and not grazed were two separate categories in the 1997 census.

Cropland, irrigated. See Irrigated land.

Cropland, other. See Other cropland.

Cropland, total. See Total cropland.

Cropland used only for pasture or grazing. This category includes land used only for pasture or grazing that could have been used for crops without additional improvement. Also included were acres of crops hogged or grazed but not harvested prior to grazing. However, cropland that was pastured before or after crops were harvested was included as harvested cropland rather than cropland for pasture or grazing.

Crustaceans. These are invertebrate animals with many jointed legs and a hard external shell. Examples include crawfish, prawns, shrimp, and softshell crabs. This is a new category for 2002.

Customwork income. See Total income from farm-related sources, gross before taxes and expenses - Customwork and other agricultural services.

Customwork and custom hauling. See Total farm production expenses - Customwork and custom hauling.

Cut Christmas trees. See Christmas trees, cut.

Data are based on sample of farms. For censuses since 1978, selected data items were collected from only a sample of farms. These data are subject to sampling error. For the 2002 census, the sample report form was distributed to approximately 21-percent of all farms, including all large and specialized farms (based on expected sales or acres) and all farms in Alaska and Rhode Island. Sections 17 through 21 of the sample report form included questions on production expenses, fertilizer and chemical applications, machinery and equipment, market value of land and buildings, and farm labor.

Depreciation expenses claimed. This is a new item for 2002. The calculation of total farm production expenses does not include depreciation because it is a capital expense. Depreciation allows the expensing of capital purchases over multiple years. It is not included in the calculation of Net cash farm income of the operation and operator.

Expenses. See Total farm production expenses.

Farms by age and primary occupation of operator. Data on age and primary occupation were obtained from up to three operators per farm in 2002. The primary occupation classifications used were:

• Farming. The operator spent 50-percent or more of his/her worktime during 2002 at farming or ranching.
• Other. The operator spent more than 50-percent of his/her worktime during 2002 at occupations other than farming or ranching. Also, operators who spent the majority of their worktime working for another agricultural operation for wages were included in this classification.

The proportion of principal operators claiming “Farming or ranching” as their primary occupation in 2002 increased significantly since 1997. While there were demographic changes that support this increase, there is a concern that a 2002 report form design change may have also contributed to it. To reduce wording, the definition of “primary occupation” was not printed on the 2002 report form. It was presumed to be self-explanatory. Some respondents may have checked the “yes” box by Farm or ranch operator without understanding that it meant they were reporting their primary occupation.

Changes in the average age of the farm operator tend to support the increase in the farming occupation proportion. When compared with 1997 results, the average age of farmers increased significantly in 2002. Older operators may be “retired” (with little if any sales) and still report farming as their primary occupation since they often have limited opportunity for off-farm jobs.

Farms by combined government payments and market value of agricultural products sold. This category represents the value of products sold plus Government payments. Total value of products sold combines total sales not under production contract and total sales under production contract. Government payments consist of government payments received from the Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP) and Wetlands Reserve Programs (WRP) plus government payments received from federal programs other than the CRP, WRP, and Commodity Credit Corporation loans. See Total market value of agricultural products sold and government payments.

Farms by economic class of farm. This is a new term for 2002. It is a combination of the market value of agricultural products sold and federal farm program payments. In the 1997 census, comparable data were published under the heading Combined government payments and market value of agricultural products sold. See Total market value of agricultural products sold and government payments.

Farms by North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The NAICS classifies economic activities. It was jointly developed by Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. NAICS makes it possible to produce comparable industrial statistics for Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. For the 2002 census, all agricultural production establishments (farms, ranches, nurseries, greenhouses, etc.) were classified by type of activity or activities using the NAICS code. The 2002 census is the second census to use NAICS. Censuses prior to the 1997 census used the old Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to classify farms.

NAICS was developed to provide a consistent framework for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of industrial statistics used by government policy analysts, academia and researchers, the business community, and the public. It is the first industry classification system that was developed in accordance with a single principle of aggregation that production units using similar production processes should be grouped together. Though NAICS differs from other industry classification systems, statistics compiled on NAICS are comparable with statistics compiled according to the latest revision of the United Nations’ International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC, Revision 3) for some sixty high level groupings. Following are explanations of the major classifications used in 2002.

Oilseed and grain farming (1111). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in (1) growing oilseed and/or grain crops and/or (2) producing oilseed and grain seeds. These crops have an annual life cycle and are typically grown in open fields. This category includes corn silage and grain silage. In the 2002 census, government-payment only farms were classified as “All other crop farming” (11199). In the 1997 census, government-payment only farms were coded as “All other grain farming” (11119).

Vegetable and melon farming (1112). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in one or more of the following: (1) growing vegetables and/or melon crops, (2) producing vegetable and melon seeds, and (3) growing vegetable and/or melon bedding plants.

Fruit and tree nut farming (1113). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing fruit and/or tree nut crops. These crops are generally not grown from seeds and have a perennial life cycle.

Greenhouse, nursery, and floriculture production (1114). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing crops of any kind under cover and/or growing nursery stock and flowers. ‘‘Under cover’’ is generally defined as greenhouses, cold frames, cloth houses, and lath houses. Crops grown are removed at various stages of maturity and have annual and perennial life cycles. The category includes short-rotation woody crops, such as Christmas trees, that have a growing and harvesting cycle of 10 years or less.

Other crop farming (1119). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in (1) growing tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, hay, sugarbeets, peanuts, agave, herbs and spices, and hay and grass seeds, or (2) growing a combination of the valid crops with no one crop or family of crops accounting for one-half of the establishment’s agricultural production (value of crops for market). Crops not included in this category are oilseeds, grains, vegetables and\or melons, fruits, tree nuts, greenhouse, nursery and\or floriculture products. In the 1997 census, government payment only farms were coded as “Other grain farming” (11119). In the 2002 census, government payments only farms were classified as “All other crop farming” (11199).

Tobacco farming (11191). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing tobacco.

Cotton farming (11192). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing cotton.

Sugarcane farming (11193). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing sugarcane.

Hay farming (11194). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing hay such as alfalfa, clover, and/or mixed hay.

All other crop farming (11199). Compromises establishments primarily engaged in (1) growing crops (except oilseeds and/or grains; vegetables and/or melons; fruits and/or tree nuts; greenhouse, nursery, and/or floriculture products; tobacco; cotton; sugarcane; or hay) or (2) growing a combination of crops (except a combination of oilseed(s) and grain(s)); and a combination of fruit(s) and tree nut(s)) with no one crop or family of crops accounting for one-half of the establishment’s agricultural production.

Beef cattle ranching and farming (112111). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in raising cattle (including cattle for dairy herd replacements). Farms having 100 acres or more of total pastureland were coded as “Beef cattle ranching and farming, including feedlots” (11211) in the 1997 census. In the 2002 census, pastureland-only farms, those with only 100 or more acres of pastureland, were classified as “All other animal production farming” (11299).

Cattle feedlots (112112). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in feeding cattle for fattening.

Dairy cattle and milk production (11212). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in milking dairy cattle.

Hog and pig farming (1122). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in raising hogs and pigs. Activities may include breeding, farrowing, and the raising of weaner pigs, feeder pigs, or market size hogs.

Poultry and egg production (1123). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in breeding, hatching, and raising poultry for meat or egg production.

Sheep and goat farming (1124). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in raising sheep, lambs, and goats, or feeding lambs for fattening.

Animal aquaculture (1125). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in the farm raising of finfish, shellfish, or any other kind of animal aquaculture. These establishments use some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as holding in captivity, regular stocking, feeding, and protecting from predators.

Other animal production (1129). Comprises establishments primarily engaged in raising animals and insects (except cattle, hogs and pigs, poultry, sheep and goats, and aquaculture) for sale or product production. These establishments are primarily engaged in one of the following: bees, horses and other equine, rabbits and other fur-bearing animals, etc, and producing products such as honey and other bee products. Establishments primarily engaged in raising a combination of animals with no one animal or family of animals accounting for one-half of the establishment’s agricultural production (i.e., value of animals for market) are included in this industry group. In the 1997 census, farms with 100 acres or more of total pastureland-only were coded as “Beef cattle farming” (112111) in the 1997 census. In the 2002 census, 100 acres or more of pastureland-only farms were classified as “Other animal farming” (1129).

Farms by size. All farms were classified into size groups according to the total land area in the farm. The land area of a farm is an operating unit concept and includes land owned and operated as well as land rented from others. Land rented to or assigned to a tenant was considered part of the tenant’s farm and not part of the owner’s.

Farms by tenure of operator. All farms were classified by tenure of operators in the 2002 census. The classifications used were:

• Full owners operated only land they owned.
• Part owners operated land they owned and also land they rented from others.
• Tenants operated only land they rented from others or worked on shares for others.

Farms with hired managers are classified according to the land ownership characteristics reported. For example, a corporation owns all the land used on the farm and hires a manager to run the farm. The hired manager is considered the farm operator, and the farm is classified with a tenure type of “full owner” even though the hired manager owns none of the land he/she operates.

Farms by total value of sales. See Market value of agricultural products sold.

Farms by type of organization. All farms were classified by type of organization in the 2002 census. The classifications used were:
• Individual or family (sole proprietorship), excluding partnership and corporation.

• Partnership, including family partnership - further subclassified into the following two categories:
1. Registered under state law.
2. Not registered under state law.

• Corporation, including family corporations - further subclassified into the following two categories:
1. Family held or other than family held.
2. More than 10 stockholders.

• Other, cooperative, estate or trust, institutional, etc.

Farms or farms reporting. The terms ‘‘farms’’ and ‘‘farms reporting’’ in the presentation of data are equivalent. Both represent the number of farms reporting the item. For example, if there are 3,710 farms in a state and 842 of them had 28,594 cattle and calves, the data for those farms reporting cattle and calves would appear as:
Cattle and calves farms 842 number 28,594

Farm or ranch operator. See Operator characteristics, and/or Farms by age and primary occupation of operator.

Farms with sales and government payments of less than $1,000. This category includes farms with combined sales and governments payments of less than $1,000 but having the potential for sales of $1,000 or more. In this category, government payments were included in calculating that potential. It provides information on all items for farms that normally would be expected to sell agricultural products of $1,000 or more but had sales and government payments of less than $1,000.

Farms with sales of less than $1,000. This category includes farms with sales of less than $1,000 but having the potential for sales of $1,000 or more. Some of these farms had no sales in the census year. It provides information on all report form items for farms that normally would be expected to sell agricultural products of $1,000 or more.

Fertilizer. See Total farm production expenses - Fertilizer, lime, and soil conditioners.

Floriculture crops. Data represent total of bedding/garden plants, cut flowers and cut florist greens, foliage plants, and potted flowering plants.

Forage - land used for all hay and all haylage, grass silage, and greenchop. Data shown represent the area harvested with each acre counted only once if both dry hay and haylage, grass silage, or greenchop were cut from the same acreage or if there were multiple cuttings of dry hay or haylage, grass silage, or greenchop. Forage production is the sum of the quantity harvested of all hay including alfalfa, other tame, small grain, and wild hay and all haylage, grass silage and greenchop after converting the all haylage, grass silage, and greenchop quantity harvested to a dry equivalent basis (13-percent moisture). The green tons of all haylage, grass silage, and greenchop harvested were multiplied by a factor of 0.4943 to convert to a dry equivalent.

The conversion factor of 0.4943 is based on the assumption that one ton of dry hay is 0.87 ton of dry matter, one ton of haylage or grass silage is 0.45 ton dry matter, and one ton of greenchop is 0.25 ton dry matter. The all haylage, grass silage, and greenchop quantity harvested is assumed to be comprised of 90-percent haylage and grass silage and 10-percent greenchop. Therefore, the conversion factor used to adjust all haylage, grass silage, and greenchop quantity harvested to a dry equivalent basis = [(0.45*0.9)+(0.25*0.1)]/0.87 = 0.4943.

Fruits and nuts. In the 2002 census, total acres, bearing acres, and nonbearing acres were collected. In the 1997 census, total acres, number of bearing trees or vines and nonbearing trees or vines, and quantity harvested were collected.

Government payments. This category consists of direct cash payments received by the farm operators in 2002. It includes disaster payments, loan deficiency payments from prior participation, payments from Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP), the Wetlands Reserve Programs (WRP), other conservation programs, and all other federal farm programs under which payments were made directly to farm operators. Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) proceeds and federal crop insurance payments were not tabulated in this category.

Grain and bean combines. In the 2002 census, data were collected for self-propelled combines only. In the 1997 census, data were collected for all types of combines. Data are not directly comparable.

Grain storage capacity. This is a new item for the 2002 census. Data include the capacity of all storage structures normally used to store whole grains or oilseeds. These structures can be silos, bins, buildings, trailers, etc. The capacity or usage of any off-farm public or commercial storage facilities was excluded.

Grains, oilseeds, dry beans, and dry peas sales. Data are for the total market value of cash grains sold, including corn for grain or seed, wheat for grain, soybeans for beans, sorghum for grain or seed, oats for grain, and other grains and the value of corn silage and sorghum silage. Also included is the total market value of cash oilseeds sold, including sunflower seed (oil and non-oil), flaxseed, canola, rapeseed, safflower seed, mustard seed, dry beans, and dry peas. In the 1997 census, the value of corn silage and sorghum silage were included with hay. Data are not comparable.

Harvested cropland. This category includes land from which crops were harvested and hay was cut, and land used to grow short-rotation woody crops, land in orchards, citrus groves, Christmas trees, vineyards, nurseries, and greenhouses. Land from which two or more crops were harvested was counted only once. Land in tapped maple trees was included in woodland not pastured. The 1997 census definition for harvested cropland was the same as the 2002 definition. Short-rotation woody crops were not explicitly referenced in the 1997 census definition, but were included as “Other nursery and greenhouse crops.”

Hay - all hay including alfalfa, other tame, small grain, and wild. Data shown represent the acreage and quantity harvested of all types. The quantity harvested was reported in dry tons (dry weight at the time the hay was removed from the field for storage or feeding). If two or more cuttings of dry hay were made from the same field, the acreage was reported only once as acres harvested of the appropriate dry hay category, but the production from all cuttings was combined in the corresponding quantity harvested. Straw acreage and production is excluded.

If dry hay was cut from the same land that haylage, grass silage, or greenchop was cut, the acreage and production for the dry hay was reported in the appropriate category of dry hay and the acreage and production for haylage, grass silage, or greenchop was reported in the appropriate haylage, grass silage, or greenchop category. For example, if 20 acres of alfalfa were cut for hay and then the same land was used to produce alfalfa haylage, 20 acres and the quantity harvested of hay were reported as Alfalfa and Alfalfa mixtures for dry hay and 20 acres and the quantity harvested of alfalfa haylage were reported as Haylage or greenchop from alfalfa or alfalfa mixtures.

Hay, other tame dry hay. Data shown represent acreage and dry tons of hay harvested from clover, fescue, lespedeza, timothy, Bermuda grass, Sudangrass, sorghum hay, and other types of legume (excluding alfalfa) and tame grasses (excluding small grains).

Hay, wild dry. Data shown represent acreage and dry tons of hay harvested that was predominately wild or native grasses, even if it had some fill-in seeding of other grasses.

Haylage, grass silage, and greenchop, all. Data shown represent the acreage and quantity harvested of all types (alfalfa and all other). The quantity harvested was reported in green tons. If two or more cuttings of haylage, grass silage, or greenchop were made from the same field, the acreage was reported as acres harvested in the appropriate haylage category only once, and the tonnage from all cuttings was combined in the corresponding quantity harvested. Straw acreage and production is excluded.

Herbs, fresh cut. This item does not include herbs dried or otherwise processed.

Hired farm labor. Data are for total hired farm workers, including paid family members, by number of days worked.

Hogs and pigs by type of operation. Hog and pig farms were classified by type of operation in 2002. Operation types were farrow to wean, farrow to feeder, farrow to finish, nursery, finish only, and other. Multiple operation type descriptions were applicable for some respondents. More than one operation type description was accepted and the reported inventory and sales data were assigned to each reported type. The inventory and sales data in Chapter 1, Tables 25 and 26 may not match the inventory and sales data in other publication tables for this reason. Any operation type reported other than those specified in Tables 25 and 26 was not published.

Hogs and pigs by type of producer. Hog and pig farms were classified by type of producer in 2002. Producer types were independent grower, contractor or integrator, and contract grower (contractee). Multiple producer type descriptions were applicable for some respondents. More than one producer type description was accepted and the reported inventory and sales data were assigned to each reported type. The inventory and sales data in Chapter 1, Tables 23 and 24 may not match the inventory and sales data in other publication tables for this reason.

Honey. In the 2002 census, pounds of honey produced were tabulated. In the 1997 census, pounds of honey sold were tabulated.

Income. In the 2002 census, total income of the operation was distributed into three components: the operators, the landlords, and the contractors. The total net cash farm income of the operation is similar to the net cash returns published for the 1997 census. The difference between net cash income and net cash returns is that net cash returns did not include government payments and other farm-related income as income. Only net cash farm income of the operation and net cash farm income of the operators are published in 2002. This income component of the contractor was parameter generated and therefore is not published. To effectively suppress it, it is also necessary to not publish the landlord component. See Net cash farm income of the operation or Net cash farm income of the operator.

Income from farm-related sources. See Total income from farm-related sources, gross before taxes and expenses.

Institutional, Research, Experimental, and American Indian Reservation Farms. Institutional, research, and experimental farms were previously called abnormal farms. In the 2002 census, these farms were combined with Indian Reservation farms into one category. Research farms include farms operated by private companies as well as those operated by universities, colleges, and government organizations for the purpose of expanding agricultural knowledge.

Irrigated land. This category includes all land watered by any artificial or controlled means, such as sprinklers, flooding, furrows or ditches, sub-irrigation, and spreader dikes. Included are supplemental, partial, and preplant irrigation. Each acre was counted only once regardless of the number of times it was irrigated or harvested. Livestock lagoon waste water distributed by sprinkler or flood systems was also included.

Land area, approximate. The approximate land area represents the total land area as determined by records and calculations as of January 1, 2000. The proportion of land area in farms may exceed 100-percent because some operations have land in two or more counties, but all acres are tabulated in the principal county of operation. The approximate land area data were supplied by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Also see Location of agricultural activity.

Land enrolled in Federal or other crop insurance programs. The 2002 census collected information on the number of acres under Federal or other crop insurance policies for the first time. Crop insurance protects farmers from crop losses due to natural hazards. It is underwritten by the Risk Management Agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and sold by private firms and insurance agents. Crop insurance is also available in selected states for rangeland/pastureland. In some instances, cropland insured exceeds available cropland because in some states pasture land is insured and included.

Land enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Programs (CRP) or Wetland Reserve Programs (WRP) program. The CRP is a program established by the USDA in 1985 that takes land prone to erosion out of production for 10 to 15 years and devotes it to conserving uses. In return, farmers receive an annual rental payment for carrying out approved conservation practices on the conservation acreage. The WRP is a voluntary program that offers landowners financial incentives to enhance wetlands in exchange for retiring marginal agricultural land. To be eligible, land must be restorable and provide significant wetland and wildlife habitat. The program offers landowners three options: permanent easements, 30-year easements, and restoration cost-share agreements of a minimum 10-year duration.

For the 2002 census, operations with land enrolled in the CRP or WRP were counted as farms, given they received $1,000 or more in government payments, even if they had no sales and otherwise lacked the potential to have $1,000 or more in sales.

Land in berries harvested for sale. Total acres harvested for berries was collected as a combined category in all states in the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, it was a summation of the individual types of berries reported.

Land in farms. The acreage designated as ‘‘land in farms’’ consists primarily of agricultural land used for crops, pasture, or grazing. It also includes woodland and wasteland not actually under cultivation or used for pasture or grazing, provided it was part of the farm operator’s total operation. Large acreages of woodland or wasteland held for nonagricultural purposes were deleted from individual reports during the edit process. Land in farms includes acres in the Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve Programs.

Land in farms is an operating unit concept and includes land owned and operated as well as land rented from others. Land used rent free was reported as land rented from others. All grazing land, except land used under government permits on a per-head basis, was included as ‘‘land in farms’’ provided it was part of a farm or ranch. Land under the exclusive use of a grazing association was reported by the grazing association and included as land in farms. All land in American Indian reservations used for growing crops or grazing livestock was included as land in farms. Land in reservations not reported by individual American Indians or non-Native Americans was reported in the name of the cooperative group that used the land. In many instances, an entire American Indian reservation was reported as one farm.

Land in orchards. This category includes land in bearing and nonbearing fruit trees, citrus or other groves, vineyards, and nut trees of all ages, including land on which all fruit crops failed. Respondents were instructed not to report abandoned plantings and plantings of fewer than 20 total fruit, citrus, or nut trees or grapevines.

Land in two or more counties. With few exceptions, the land in each farm was tabulated as being in the operator’s principal county. The principal county was defined as the one where the largest value of agricultural products was raised or produced. It was usually the county containing all or the largest proportion of the land in the farm or viewed by the respondent as his/her principal county. Reports received showing land in more than one county were separated into two or more reports if the data would substantially distort county totals.

Land used for vegetables. Data are for the total land used for vegetable and melon crops. The acres were reported only once, even though two or more harvests of a vegetable or more than one vegetable were harvested from the same acres.

Land used to raise certified organically produced crops. This is a new item in the 2002 census. Certified organic crops are those that are certified by a Federal, state, or private certification agency. The count of farms producing certified organic crops may differ from that found in other sources because this item is self reported by respondents. No attempt was made to verify reports with certifying organic organizations. The acres reported in this item must be less than or equal to the acres reported as cropland harvested for each operation.

Landlord’s share of the total sales. This is a new item for the 2002 census. This is the percentage of the operation’s sales that goes to the landlords.

Layers 20 weeks old and older. This category includes layer hens in molt and other layer hens and pullets 20 weeks old and older.

Location of agricultural activity. The county in which the largest value of an operator’s agricultural products were raised or produced is the county in which the reported farm or ranch data were tabulated.

Maple syrup. Maple syrup production is a new item for the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, acres of tapped maple trees and number of taps were published. In 2002 number of taps and gallons of syrup produced are published. Acres of tapped maple trees are included in woodland not pastured.

Market value of agricultural products sold. This category represents the gross market value before taxes and production expenses of all agricultural products sold or removed from the place in 2002 regardless of who received the payment. It is equivalent to total sales. It includes sales by the operators as well as the value of any shares received by partners, landlords, contractors, or others associated with the operation. The value of commodities placed in the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) loan program is included in this figure. Market value of agricultural products sold does not include payments received for participation in other federal farm programs. Also, it does not include income from farm-related sources such as customwork and other agricultural services, or income from non-farm sources.

The value of crops sold in 2002 does not necessarily represent the sales from crops harvested in 2002. Data may include sales from crops produced in earlier years and may exclude some crops produced in 2002 but held in storage and not sold. For commodities such as sugarbeets and wool sold through a co-op that made payments in several installments, respondents were requested to report the total value received in 2002.

The value of agricultural products sold was requested of all operators. If the operators failed to report this information, estimates were made based on the amount of crops harvested, livestock or poultry inventory, or number sold. Caution should be used when comparing sales in the 2002 census with sales reported in earlier censuses. Sales figures are expressed in current dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation or deflation. The value of sales of some crops and of some livestock and animal specialties were asked separately in the 1997 census and were combined into categories in the 2002 census as follows:

1. Individual grain crops were combined.
2. Hay, silage, field seeds, and grass seeds (excluding grain silage and forage) were combined with other crops.
3. Individual nursery and greenhouse items were combined.
4. Sales of cut Christmas trees was combined with value of short-rotation woody crops.
5. Horses and ponies were combined with horses, ponies, mules, burros, and donkeys.
6. Colonies of bees and honey were combined with other animals and other animal products.
7. Milk goats and goat milk were combined with sheep, goats, and their products.
8. Angora goats and mohair were combined with sheep, goats, and their products.
9. Other goats were combined with sheep, goats, and their products.
10. Mink and their pelts were combined with other animals and other animal products.
11. Rabbits and their pelts were combined with other animals and other animal products.

Meat and other goats. This is a name change only. The 1997 census name was Other goats.

Migrant farm labor on farms. Information on migrant workers was collected for the first time in the 2002 census. Operators were asked whether any hired or contract workers were migrant workers, defined as a farm worker whose employment required travel that prevented the migrant worker from returning to his/her permanent place of residence the same day.

Misreported or miscoded crops. In a few cases, data may have been reported on the wrong line, in the wrong section, or the wrong crop code may have been assigned to a write-in crop code. A few of these errors may not have been identified and corrected during processing which resulted in rare cases of inaccurately tabulated data. Reports with significant acres of unusual crops for the area were examined to minimize the possibility that they were in error.

Mollusks. This is a new category for 2002. These are invertebrate animals with a soft body covering and shells of 1-18 parts or sections. Examples include abalones, clams, mussels, oysters, snails, and quahogs.

More than one race reported. This category represents those operators who chose to report more than one race on the census form. Tabulating more than one race is new for the 2002 census. In past censuses, respondents were allowed to mark only one race. In such instances they may have chosen one particular race (ie. white) or chosen the Other category.

Net cash farm income of the operations. This concept is derived by subtracting total farm and farm-related expenses from total sales, government payments, and other farm-related income. Net cash farm income of the operation includes the value of commodities produced under contract by the contract growers.

For publication purposes, farms are divided into two categories:
1. Farms with net gains (includes those operations that broke even).
2. Farms with net losses.

Net cash farm income of the operators. This value is the operators’ total revenue (fees for producing under contract, total sales not under contract, government payments, and farm-related income) minus total expenses paid by the operators. Net cash farm income of the operator removes the value of contract commodities produced and acknowledges the income the operators received for services performed for the contractor. Net cash farm income of the operators is a new concept for the 2002 census.

For publication purposes, farms are divided into two categories:
1. Farms with net gains (includes those operations that broke even).
2. Farms with net losses.

Number of households sharing in net income of farm. This is a new item in the 2002 census. Data were reported by the principal operator only. Households that received funds because they were only landlords, custom equipment operators, or provided other production services were not included. Published data can exceed the number of operators listed under Operators, all.

Nursery, floriculture, vegetable and flower seed crops, sod harvested, etc., grown in the open, irrigated. Data refer to farms reporting irrigated nursery, floriculture, vegetable and flower seeds, sod, bedding/garden plants, etc., grown in the open.

Nursery, greenhouse, floriculture, and sod value of sales. In the 2002 census, data include sales of bedding plants, bulbs, cut flowers, flower seeds, foliage plants, mushrooms, nursery potted plants, shrubbery, nursery stock, live Christmas trees, tobacco transplants, sod, etc. In the 1997 census, vegetable seeds were also included. Data are not comparable.

Nursery, greenhouse, floriculture, aquatic plants, mushrooms, flower seeds, vegetable seeds, and sod harvested, grown for sale. In the 2002 census, data are summations of individual items reported. In the 1997 census, data were reported under nursery and greenhouse crops and included cut Christmas trees. Data are not comparable.

Nursery stock crops. This is a name change only. The 1997 census name was Nursery Crops.

Occupation. See Operator characteristics and/or Farms by age and primary occupation of operator.

Operator. The term operator designates a person who operates a farm, either doing the work or making day-to-day decisions about such things as planting, harvesting, feeding, and marketing. The operator may be the owner, a member of the owner’s household, a hired manager, a tenant, a renter, or a sharecropper. If a person rents land to others or has land worked on shares by others, he/she is considered the operator only of the land which is retained for his/her own operation. For the first time, the census collected information on the total number of operators, the total number of women operators, and demographic information for up to three operators per farm. Unlike previous censuses, the number of operators does not equal the number of farms. To see how operator data were collected in 2002, refer to the census report form, Section 24, Appendix D. See Operators, all; and Operators, total.

Operator characteristics. In the 2002 census, operators (up to three operators per farm) were asked to report age, race, sex, place of residence, number of days worked off farm, primary occupation, year in which his/her operation of the farm began, residence on an American Indian reservation, number of persons living in the operators’ households, and Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin. Information on the total number of operators and total number of women operators was collected from each operation. In addition, the principal operator was asked to report the percentage of total household income that came from the farm operation and if he/she was a hired manager for the operation.

Unlike the 1997 census, all operator characteristics in the 2002 census were subject to imputation based on information reported by farms with similar acreage, tenure, value of sales, and location. In the 1997 census, no imputation was made for nonresponse to place of residence; Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin; off farm work; or year began operation. Also in 1997 data were collected only from the principal operator. To see how operator data were collected in 2002, refer to the census report form, Section 24, Appendix D.

Operators, all (multiple). This a new item in the 2002 census. The 2002 census was the first to collect data for more than one operator per farm. Demographic and other information were collected for up to three operators per farm - the principal operator plus one or two additional operators. This may be fewer than the number of operators on some farms. All operators refers to these multiple operators. Demographic data for up to three operators reported are presented separately for women, by race categories, and for Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin.

Operators, total. This is a new item in the 2002 census. It represents the total reported number of operators on farms and ranches. The 2002 census was the first to ask for the total number of operators associated with an operation. It was also the first time the total number of women operators was determined. To see how operator data were collected in 2002, refer to the census report form, Section 24, Appendix D.

Operators of Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin. See Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin.

Oranges, all. All oranges is a summation of Valencia oranges and Other oranges. Total acres, bearing acres, and nonbearing acres were collected by category in the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, total acres, bearing trees, and nonbearing trees were collected as all oranges.

Oranges, other. This is a new item for the 2002 census and includes all oranges, including Navel, other than Valencia. See Oranges, all for further explanation.

Oranges, Valencia. This is a new item for the 2002 census. See Oranges, all for further explanation.

Ornamental fish. This is a new category for 2002. It includes various fish raised for water gardens, aquariums, etc. Examples include angel fish, guppies, koi, ornamental goldfish, and tropical fish.

Other animals. In the 2002 census, each specie is reported separately. In the 1997 census, deer, elk, bison, and llamas were included in all other livestock.

Other animals and other animal products sold. This category includes all animals and animal products not having specific codes on the 2002 report form. Data are not comparable with the 1997 census.

Other aquaculture products. In the 2002 census, examples include the production of alligators, frogs, leeches, live rock, salamanders, turtles, fingerlings, and egg and seed stock. Data are not comparable with the 1997 census since several items previously reported here were listed separately in the 2002 census.

Other cattle. In the 2002 census, data include heifers, steers, bulls 500 pounds and over, and all calves under 500 pounds. In the 1997 census, heifers and heifer calves were collected separately from steers, steer calves, bulls, and bull calves.

Other citrus. In the 2002 census, data relate to any citrus not having a specific code on the report form. In the 1997 census, data included K-Early citrus and Temples.

Other cropland. This includes all cropland other than cropland harvested or cropland pastured.

Other crops. This category includes production data for field and forage crops not categorized into one of the prelisted crop categories on the report form.

Other crops and hay sales. For the 2002 census, data are for the total market value of all crops not categorized into one of the prelisted crop sales categories on the report form. This category includes crops such as grass seed, hay and grass silage, haylage, greenchop, hops, maple syrup, mint for oil, ginseng root, peanuts, sugarcane, sugarbeets, etc. The inclusion of hay into this category is new for the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, hay sales were included with silage and field seeds. Data are not comparable.

Other crops under production contract. This item is new for the 2002 census. Data are for the total number of farms that have production contracts for other crops. This category includes all crops except grains, oilseeds, vegetables, melons, potatoes, and sweet potatoes.

Other fish. This category includes fish that could not be identified as belonging to one of the other categories on the 2002 census report form. Data are not directly comparable to the 1997 census.

Other food fish. This is a new category for 2002. Data are for fish, other than catfish and trout, raised on farms for food. Examples include hybrid striped bass, moi, salmon, sturgeon, and tilapia.

Other fruits and nuts. Data shown for other fruits and nuts relate to any fruits and nuts not having a specific code on the census report form.

Other land. This category includes land in house lots, barn lots, ponds, roads, ditches, wasteland, etc. It includes those acres in the farm operation not classified as cropland, pastureland, or woodland. See Land in farms.

Other livestock. This category includes all livestock not having specific codes on the 2002 report form. In the 1997 census, emus and ostriches were included in this category but in 2002 they were included as individual poultry items. Data are not comparable. See Other animals and Other animal products.

Other livestock and livestock products. See Other animals and other animal products sold.

Other livestock products. Production data for this category include all livestock products not having a specific code on the 2002 report form. In the 1997 census, production data were collected along with other livestock; data are not comparable.

Other noncitrus fruit. Data relate to any noncitrus fruit not having a specific code on the census report form.

Other nursery and greenhouse crops. Data relate to any nursery and greenhouse crop not having a specified code on the census report form.

Other poultry. Data are for other poultry not having a specific code on the report form. Data for 1997 included emus and ostriches and are not directly comparable with 2002.

Other tame hay. See Hay, other tame dry hay.

Pastureland and rangeland, other than cropland and woodland pastured. This land use category is very inclusive and encompasses all grazable land that does not qualify as cropland pasture. It may be irrigated or dry land. In some areas, it can be a high quality pasture that could not be cropped without improvements. In other areas, it is barely able to be grazed and is only marginally better than wasteland.

Patronage dividends. See Total income from farm-related sources, gross before taxes and expenses.

Payments received by the contractee for commodities produced under contract. These data show the number of farms and the dollar amount the contractees received from contractors for commodities produced under contract. This is not the market value of the commodities delivered, but the payment or fee the operators received for commodities delivered. The 2002 census was the first time this information was collected and published.

Peaches, all. In the 2002 census, data for all peaches were collected as a category in all states except for California and Arizona. Peach data in California and Arizona were collected separately for clingstone and freestone peaches. The data were later combined with all peaches for publication. Data for clingstone and freestone are found in the California and Arizona publications only. In the 1997 census, there was no special data collection for clingstone or freestone peaches.

Peaches, Clingstone. In the 2002 census, data were collected only in California and Arizona for clingstone peaches. All other states are included in the Peaches, all category. In 1997, data were not collected. See Peaches, all for further explanation.

Peaches, Freestone. In the 2002 census, data were collected only in California and Arizona for freestone peaches. All other states are included in the Peaches, all category. In 1997, data were not collected.

Pears, all. In the 2002 census, data for all pears were collected as a category in all states except for California, Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. These states collected data separately for Bartlett pears and Other pears which were later combined into the Pear, all category. Data for Bartlett and other pears are found only in the state publications where collected. In the 1997 census, there was no special data collection.

Pears, Bartlett. In the 2002 census, data were collected only in California, Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington for Bartlett pears. All other states are included in the Pears, all category. In 1997, data were not collected. See Pears, all for further explanation.

Pears, other. In the 2002 census, data were collected only in California, Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington for other pears. All other states are included in the Pears, all category. In 1997, data were not collected. See Pears, all for further explanation.

Peas, green southern (cowpeas) - blackeyed, crowder, etc. This is a name change only. In the 1997 census, the name was Green cowpeas and green southern peas.

Peppers, Bell. For the 2002 census, data include only Bell-type peppers. All other peppers are included in the Chile pepper category. The 1997 census categories for peppers were hot peppers and sweet peppers. Some peppers such as banana peppers were reported as sweet peppers in 1997 and are reported as Chile peppers in 2002. Data for peppers for the two censuses are not comparable.

Peppers, Chile (all peppers - excluding Bell). This includes all peppers not classified as a Bell pepper. This includes some sweet peppers such as banana peppers and pimiento peppers, as well as all hot peppers. The 1997 census categories for peppers were hot peppers and sweet peppers. Since some Chile peppers were reported as sweet peppers in 1997, the data for peppers for the two censuses are not comparable.

Plums. This was reported as an individual item only in California and Arizona. All other states reported plums in a combined plum and prune category.

Poultry hatched. This category includes all poultry hatched on the place during the year. The number of poultry hatched is under the heading Sold for both years. Incubator egg capacity was not asked in the 2002 census.

Poultry, other. See Other poultry.

Primary occupation. See Operator characteristics and/or Farms by age and primary occupation of operator.

Principal operator. The person primarily responsible for the on-site, day-to-day operation of the farm or ranch business. This person may be a hired manager or business manager. See Operators, all for further explanation.

Production contracts. See Commodities raised and delivered under production contracts.

Production expenses. See Total farm production expenses.

Prunes. This was reported as an individual item only in California and Arizona. All other states reported prunes in a combined plum and prune category.

Pullets for laying flock replacement. In the 2002 census, pullet inventory for laying flock replacement was tabulated as a single item. In the 1997 census, pullets were separated into two categories: less than 13 weeks old and 13 to 19 weeks old. The two categories in the 1997 census must be added together to be comparable to the 2002 census. In the 1997 census, pullets and pullet chicks sold were asked. In the 2002 census, the report form asked for pullets sold or moved from the operation.

Race of operator. In previous censuses, with the exception of Hawaii, race data were collected for White, Black or African American, American Indian (included Alaska Native), Asian or Pacific Islander, or Other race. In the 2002 census, operator and farm characteristics were collected for White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, and those operators reporting more than one race. Respondents were asked to mark one or more of the race categories. Operators who marked more than one race category were tabulated in the More than one race columns in Chapter 1, Tables 47 and 52, and Chapter 2, Table 46.

In Hawaii 2002 operator race data were collected for White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, Other Asian, and operators reporting more than one race. Operators who marked more than one race category were tabulated as More than one race in the publications. The combination of the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander categories is equivalent to the Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander category on the other forms. The combination of the Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Other Asian categories is equivalent to the Asian category on the other forms. The Volume 1, Geographic Area Series, U.S. Summary publication only displays counts for the categories of Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander and Asian. Data for the 11 Hawaii race categories are published in the Hawaii publication of the Volume 1 series.

Rental of farmland. See Total income from farm-related sources, gross before taxes and expenses.

Sales, total. See Market value of agricultural products sold.

Sheep and lamb inventory. In the 2002 census, respondents were asked to report sheep and lambs of all ages owned. In the 1997 census, respondents were asked to report sheep or lambs on their operation regardless of ownership.

Short-rotation woody crops. This is a new item for the 2002 census. A short-rotation woody crop is a tree that grows from seed to a mature tree in 10 years or less. These are trees for use by the paper or pulp industry or as engineered wood. This does not include lumber. Acres in production were reported in the “Land” section of the report form as Harvested cropland.

Size of farm. See Farms by size.

Sorghum syrup. The question on the report form asked for pounds of sorghum syrup produced, but responses indicated that some respondents reported cane harvested for syrup while others reported the syrup produced. With such varying amounts of production reported (tons and pounds of cane as well as pounds and gallons of syrup), a significant amount of manual review and correction would have been needed for this item. Instead the data were summarized and published as reported.

Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin. Operators of Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino origin are found in all of the racial groups listed in the census and were tabulated according to the race reported, as well as on tables pertaining only to this group.

Sport or game fish. This is a new category for 2002. It includes farm-raised fish for sport or game fishing. Examples include bluegill, crappie, largemouth bass, muskie, northern pike, smallmouth bass, and sunfish.

Temples. This is a new item for the 2002 census. In previous censuses, respondents may have reported temples as either oranges or other citrus fruit.

Tenure. See Farms by tenure of operator.

Total cropland. This category includes cropland harvested, cropland used only for pasture or grazing, cropland idle or used for cover crops or soil improvement but not harvested and not pastured or grazed, cropland on which all crops failed or were abandoned, and cropland in cultivated summer fallow.

Total farm production expenses. Includes the production expenses provided by the operators, partners, landlords (excluding property taxes) and production contractors for the farm business in 2002. Tenant farmers reported expenses paid by landlords for the agricultural production on the operation, as well as their expenses. Farm or ranch operators who rented part of their land to others reported only the expenses for the land they actually used themselves and not expenses for land rented to others. The 2002 total farm production expenditure includes all farm-related expenses such as customwork, fuel costs, cost of cutting timber, services provided to hunters, cooperative membership fees, etc. However, if the income from these farm-related categories was not considered a part of the operation (i.e., if the income was regarded as derived from a separate business), then the associated expenses were not included. The contractor’s portion of expenses was based on computer generated estimates for 2002.

This item excludes expenses relating to non-farm activities such as trading and speculation in the commodities market or livestock trading activities. Explanations of selected production expenses are listed below.

All other livestock and poultry purchased. These expenses include the total amount spent by the operators, their landlords, and by others for all non-breeding livestock and poultry bought during 2002 for production on the farm or ranch. The total includes amounts spent for cattle, calves, hogs, pigs, sheep, hatchery eggs, etc. All other livestock and breeding livestock were combined in 1997.

All other production expenses. This category includes all expenses not listed on the report form. Examples include animal health costs, storage and warehousing, marketing and ginning expenses, insurance, etc. Health expenses and payroll taxes were excluded. In the 1997 census, lime expenses and irrigation water costs were collected and published in the all other production expenses category. In the 2002 census, the cost of lime is included with fertilizer and the cost of irrigation water is included with utilities.

Breeding livestock purchased. These expenses include the total amount spent by the operators, his/her landlord, and others for all breeding livestock and poultry bought during 2002 for production on the farm or ranch. The total includes amount spent for cows, heifers, bulls, sows, gilts, boars, rams, lambs, ewes, roosters, hens, layers, etc. Estimations of the value of livestock or poultry fed on a custom basis were to be made based on their value when they arrived on the farm or ranch. In the 1997 census, breeding livestock and all other livestock were combined.

Cash rent paid in 2002. These data include the cost of renting land and buildings that are part of this operation. Rent paid for the operator’s dwelling or other non-farm property and the value of the shares of crops and livestock paid to landlords were excluded.

Chemicals. These 2002 expenses include the cost of all insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and other pesticides, including costs of custom application. Data exclude commercial fertilizer purchased.

Fertilizer, lime, and soil conditioners. The expense for fertilizer is the amount spent on all forms of fertilizer and lime including rock phosphate and gypsum during 2002. It also includes the cost of custom application. In the 1997 census, lime expenses were collected and published in the all other production expenses category.

Contract labor. These data include 2002 payments made to contractors, crew leaders, cooperatives, or any other organization hired to furnish a crew of laborers to do a job that may involve one or more agricultural operations. In some cases, a crew leader may furnish some equipment. Data exclude expenses made on a contractual basis for repair or maintenance or for capital improvements, such as construction of farm buildings, installation of fences or irrigation systems, and land leveling.

Customwork and custom hauling. These expenses include costs incurred for having customwork done on the place and for renting machines to perform agricultural operations. The cost of cotton ginning is excluded. The cost of labor involved in the customwork service is included in the customwork expense. Some examples of customwork are plowing, spraying, harvesting, preparation of products for marketing, grinding and mixing feed, combining, corn picking, grain drying, and silo filling. The cost of custom application of fertilizer and chemicals is included in expenditures for fertilizer and chemicals in 2002, just as it was in the 1997 census. The cost of hired labor for operating rented or hired machinery is included as a hired farm and ranch labor expense. In 1997, the expenses for customwork were combined with rent and lease expenses for machinery.

Feed for livestock and poultry. These expenses include the cost of all feed for livestock and poultry including grain, hay, silage, mixed feeds, concentrates, etc. during 2002.

Gasolines, fuels, and oils purchased. These expenses include the cost of all gasoline, diesel, natural gas, LP gas, motor oil, and grease products for the farm during 2002. It excludes fuel for personal use of automobiles by the family and others, fuel used for cooking and heating the farm house, and any other use outside of farmwork on the operation. In the 1997 census, fuel costs were divided into four groups.

Hired farm and ranch labor. These 2002 expenses include the total amount paid for farm or ranch labor including regular workers, part-time workers, and members of the operator’s family if they received payments for labor. It includes social security taxes, state taxes, unemployment tax, payment for sick leave or vacation pay, workman’s compensation, insurance premiums, and pension plans.

Interest paid on debts. Interest and finance charges paid in 2002 on mortgage loans for land and buildings on the operation are included in this section. Interest expenses excluded from this category are non-farm interest expenses and interest expenses originating from machinery and equipment used for a separate customwork business or for other operations. Interest expense for the operator’s dwelling, where the amount is separate from interest on farm land and buildings on the operation, is excluded. Interest paid on debts were reported in one of two categories:

1) Interest paid on debts secured by real estate. These data include all interest expenses paid in 2002 on debts secured by real estate for the farm.
2) Interest paid on debts not secured by real estate. These data include all interest expenses paid in 2002 on debts secured by machinery, tractors, trucks, other equipment, livestock, poultry, breeding stock, money borrowed for use as working capital, and interest paid on CCC loans for the farm.

Property taxes paid in 2002. These data include property taxes paid by the operators for the farm share of land, machinery, livestock, buildings and livestock.

Rent and lease expense for machinery. These data include the farm share cost of renting or leasing machinery, equipment, and vehicles during 2002. Rental and lease expenses of items used only for custom hire are excluded here. In the 1997 census, rent and lease expenses for machinery were combined with customwork expenses.

Seed cost. These expenses include the cost of all seeds, bulbs, plants, propagation materials, trees, etc. purchased during 2002. Excluded were items purchased for immediate resale or the value of seed grown on this place.

Supplies, repairs, and maintenance. These expenses include all costs for the repair and upkeep of buildings, motor vehicles, fences, and farm equipment used for the farm business during 2002. Repairs to equipment used both for the farm business and for performing customwork are included.

Utilities. These data show the farm share cost of electricity, telephone charges, internet fees and water purchased in 2002. Included in the water cost is water purchased for irrigation purposes, automatic feeders, farrowing houses, milking equipment, or any other machinery and equipment used for the operation. Household costs were excluded from these items. Electricity expense was the only cost that was collected and published in the 1997 census. The purchase of irrigation water was collected under all other production expenses in the 1997 census.

Total income from farm-related sources, gross before taxes and expenses. This includes gross income from farm-related sources received in 2002 before taxes and expenses from the sales of farm by-products and other sales and services closely related to the principal functions of the farm business.

The data exclude income from employment or business activities which are separate from the farm business. Categories that make up the farm-related income calculation changed between the 1997 and 2002 censuses. In the 2002 census, patronage dividends and refunds from cooperatives and recreational services were published separately. In the 1997 census, these categories were combined with other income from farm-related sources.

Customwork and other agricultural services. This income includes gross receipts received by the farm operators for providing services for others such as planting, plowing, spraying, and harvesting. Income from customwork and other agricultural services is generally included in the agriculture census if it is closely related to the farming operation. However, it is excluded if it constituted a separate business or was conducted from another location.

Rental of farmland. This income includes gross cash or share payments received from renting out farmland, payments received from the lease or sale of allotments for crops such as tobacco, and payments received for livestock pastured on a per-head, per month, or per-pound basis. It excludes rental income from nonfarm property.

Sales of forest products. This income includes gross receipts from sales of standing timber, pulpwood, firewood, and other forest products from the farm business and gum for naval stores. It excludes income from nonfarm timber tracts, sawmill businesses, cut Christmas trees, maple products, and short-rotation woody crops.

Recreational services. For the 2002 census, recreational services is reported separately. In the 1997 census, it was combined with Other farm-related income. This includes income from recreational services such as hunting, fishing, etc.

Patronage dividends and refunds from cooperatives. For the 2002 census, income from patronage dividends and refunds from cooperatives is published separately. These are payments to a farmer or rancher for business done with a cooperative to which he/she usually belongs. In the 1997 census, this income was combined with Other farm-related income. The payment is usually for goods sold through the co-op.

Other-farm related income sources. This is other income which is closely related to the agricultural operation. This income includes animal boarding, breeding fees, tobacco settlements, state fuel tax refunds, Federal/state/local tax refunds, state farm program payments, insurance payments for crop and livestock payments losses, etc. For the 2002 census, other farm-related income sources are published separately. In the 1997 census, it was combined with recreational services and patronage dividends and refunds from cooperatives. Data are not comparable.

Total operators. See Operators, total.

Total sales. See Market value of agricultural products sold.

Total market value of agricultural products sold and government payments. This term is the same as the Farms by economic class of farm frequency distribution. The combination of sales and government payments may be a better measure of the economic size of farm because it represents all income resources of an operation, other than income from farm-related sources. All farms were tabulated by economic size based on the summation of sales and government payments. This category represents the gross market value before taxes and production expenses of all agricultural products sold or removed from the operation in 2002 and government payments regardless of who received the payment. It includes sales by the operators as well as the value of any shares received by partners, landlords, contractors, or others associated with the operation. It does not include government payments received by landlords. The value of commodities placed in Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) loans are included in this figure.

Turkeys. In the 2002 census, total turkey inventory and sales were tabulated. The number of turkeys sold include turkeys sold for slaughter and sold or moved to other farms. This may result in a turkey being sold more than once. In the 1997 census, turkey data were separated into two categories - slaughter and breeding.

Type of organization. See Farms by type of organization.

Valencia oranges. See Oranges, valencia.

Value of agricultural products sold directly to individuals for human consumption. This item represents the value of agricultural products produced and sold directly to individuals for human consumption from roadside stands, farmers’ markets, pick-your-own sites, etc. It excludes nonedible products such as nursery crops, cut flowers, and wool but includes livestock sales. Sales of agricultural products by vertically integrated operations through their own processing and marketing operations were excluded.

Value of landlord’s share of total sales. This is a new item for 2002. This category includes the value of agricultural sales received by the landlords.

Value of certified organically produced agricultural commodities. This is a new item for the 2002 census. It represents the value of certified organically produced agricultural commodities sold from operations during 2002. This is the first time organic sales data were collected and published. These sales may come from either crop or livestock production. It was the intention of the question to collect only those products that were certified as organic by a government organization, grower organization, or similar entity.

Value of commodities under production contract. This item is new for the 2002 census. Data show the number of farms and the value of all commodities under production contract. The 2002 census is the first time specific contract data were published.

Value of sales. See Market value of agricultural products sold.

Vegetables harvested for processing. This is a new item for the 2002 census. Data are available for selected vegetables that are commonly processed.

Vegetables harvested for sale. The acres of vegetables harvested is the summation of the acres of individual vegetables harvested. All of the individual vegetable items may not be shown. When more than one vegetable crop was harvested from the same acreage, acres were counted for each crop.

Wheat for grain. In the 2002 census, data were collected by type of wheat Durum, winter, and spring other than Durum. In the 1997 census, only selected states reported wheat by type. The non-specific wheat for grain data collected in the 1997 census is not included in this publication. Therefore, the 1997 census data by type may not add to All wheat for grain.

Woodland pastured. This category includes all woodland used for pasture or grazing during the census year. Woodland or forest land pastured under a per-head grazing permit was not counted as land in farms and, therefore, was not included in woodland pastured.

Woodland, total. This category includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tracts, cutover and deforested land with young growth which has or will have value for wood products and woodland pastured. Land covered by sagebrush or mesquite was reported as other pastureland and rangeland or other land. Land planted for Christmas tree production and short-rotation woody crops was reported in cropland harvested, and land in tapped maple trees was reported as woodland not pastured.

Write-in crops. To reduce the length of the report form, only the major crops for each region were prelisted on the report forms. For other crops, the respondent was asked to look at a list of crops in each section and write in the crop name and its code. For crops that had no individual code listed on the report form, the respondent was to write in the crop name and code into the appropriate ‘‘all other’’ category for that section. Write-in crops coded as ‘‘all other’’ were reviewed and assigned a specific code when possible. Crops not assigned a specific code were left in the appropriate ‘‘all other’’ category.

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