in-crop-weather State Indiana Crop Weather Week Ending Date June 30, 2002 Issue IN-CW2602 Agricultural Summary Some areas received much needed rain while other areas of the state received very little or no precipitation during the week. Heavy showers fell in some isolated areas causing ponding in some fields. Farmers have completed planting of major crops for this year except for double crop soybeans, according to the Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service. Hot temperatures continued last week placing some stress on crops. Cutting and baling hay, side dressing corn and spraying for weed control continued during the week. Winter wheat harvest is steadily gaining momentum in the southern regions. Wheat fields in the central and northern regions are rapidly maturing. Field Crops Report There were 5.5 days suitable for fieldwork. Corn condition is rated 62 percent good to excellent compared with 59 percent last week and 78 percent last year at this time. Corn growth and development continued to improve last week. Ninety-nine percent of the corn acreage has emerged compared with 100 percent a year earlier. Planting of double crop soybeans made good progress in the southern regions last week. Soybean condition is rated 61 percent good to excellent unchanged from last week compared to 68 percent a year earlier. Ninety-five percent of the soybean acreage has emerged compared with 100 percent a year earlier. Three percent of the soybean acreage is blooming compared with fourteen percent last year and 10 percent for the 5-year average. Other activities during the week included cleaning up and repairing equipment, field scouting, mowing roads, cultivating row crops, moving grain to market and taking care of livestock. Winter wheat condition is rated 50 percent good to excellent compared with 55 percent last week and below the 69 percent a year ago. Wheat harvest is 42 percent complete compared with 45 percent last year and 34 percent for the 5-year average. By area, 1 percent of the wheat acreage is harvested in the north, 26 percent in the central regions and 87 percent in the south. Livestock, Pasture and Range Report Pasture condition is rated 9 percent excellent, 63 percent good, 23 percent fair and 5 percent poor. First cutting of alfalfa hay is 98 percent complete compared with 99 percent last year and 95 percent for the average. Transplanting of tobacco is 94 percent complete compared with 98 percent last year and 83 percent for the average. Livestock were under some stress due to the hot weather. Crop Progress Table -------------------------------------------------------- : This : Last : Last : 5-Year Crop : Week : Week : Year : Avg -------------------------------------------------------- Percent Corn Emerged 99 97 100 NA Soybeans Emerged 95 85 100 NA Soybeans Blooming 3 0 14 10 Winter Wheat Harvested 42 28 45 34 Tobacco Plants Set 94 84 98 83 Alfalfa First Cutting 98 92 99 95 Crop Condition Table -------------------------------------------------------- : Very : : : : Excel- Crop : Poor : Poor : Fair : Good : lent -------------------------------------------------------- Percent Corn 1 8 29 54 8 Soybean 1 6 32 55 6 Pasture 0 5 23 63 9 Winter Wheat 2002 2 14 34 43 7 Soil Moisture & Days Suitable For Fieldwork Table ------------------------------------------------------- : This : Last : Last : Week : Week : Year ------------------------------------------------------- Percent Topsoil Very Short 4 3 1 Short 21 18 13 Adequate 64 71 78 Surplus 11 8 8 Subsoil Very Short 1 1 3 Short 11 7 17 Adequate 74 78 75 Surplus 14 14 5 Days Suitable 5.5 6.7 6.1 Contact information --Ralph W. Gann, State Statistician --Bud Bever, Agricultural Statistician E-Mail Address: nass-in@nass.usda.gov http://www.nass.usda.gov/in/index.htm Other Agricultural Comments And News What Exactly Do You Mean by 'Growing Degree Day'? * Crop development is dependent on temperature * Thermal time (heat accumulation over calendar time) can be called heat units or growing degree days Growth and development of corn are strongly dependent on temperature. Corn develops faster when temperatures are warmer and more slowly when temperatures are cooler. For example, a string of warmer than normal days in late spring will encourage faster leaf development than normal. Another example is that a cooler than normal grain filling period will delay the calendar date of grain maturity. The phrases "string of warmer than normal days" and "cooler than normal grain filling period " can be converted mathematically into measures of thermal time by calculating the daily accumulations of heat. Commonly used terms for thermal time are Growing Degree Days (GDDs) or heat units (Hus). Different methods exist for calculating heat units depending on a) the crop or biological organism of interest and b) the whim or personal preference of the researcher. In Purdue's Pest & Crop Newsletter ( ), you will often see more than one type of calculated GDD or HU reported depending on the insect or crop of interest. The calculation method most commonly used in the U.S. for determining heat unit accumulation relative to corn phenology is the formula first suggested by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1969 and labeled as the 'Modified Growing Degree Day' formula in 1971. This method calculates daily accumulation of GDDs as the average daily temperature minus 50 degrees F. The 'modification' refers to the limits imposed on the daily maximum and minimum temperatures allowed in the calculation. Daily maximums greater than 86 degrees F are set equal to 86 in the calculation of the daily average temperature. Similarly, daily minimums less than 50 degrees F are set equal to 50 in the calculation. Example 1: If the daily maximum temperature was 80 degrees F and the minimum was 55 degrees F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((80 +55)/2) 50 or 17.5 GDDs. Example 2 (Illustrating the limit on daily maximums): If the daily maximum temperature was 90 degrees F and the minimum was 72 degrees F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((86 +72)/2) 50 or 29 GDDs. Example 3 (Illustrating the limit on daily minimums): If the daily maximum temperature was 68 degrees F and the minimum was 41 degrees F, the GDD accumulation for the day would be ((68 +50)/2) 50 or 9 GDDs. In late April to early May, normal daily GDD accumulations for central Indiana are about 10 GDDs. By late July, the normal daily accumulation rises to about 23 GDDs. For a typical corn growing season in central Indiana, say from late April to late September, the total seasonal accumulation of GDDs is about 2800 GDDs. Historical normal GDD accumulations on a weekly basis for Indiana's nine Crop Reporting Districts are available in Purdue's Corn & Soybean Field Guide, Extension publication #ID-179. Daily or monthly normal GDD accumulations for Indiana are also available at the Indiana Climate Page on the Web at. Obviously, the ability to calculate daily heat unit accumulations is dependent on your having access to daily maximum and minimum temperatures. If you do not have your own max/min recording thermometer, you can guesstimate the daily highs and lows by manually recording the temperatures shortly after sunrise (approximate daily low) and late in the afternoon (approximate daily high). Daily temperature data for specific locations are also recorded and reported at the Indiana Climate Page on the Web at . Bob Nielsen, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University. Weather Information Table Week Ending Sunday June 30, 2002 --------------------------------------------------------------- | Past Week Weather Summary Data |--------------------------------- Station | Air | | Avg | Temperature | Precip. |4 in. |---------------|-----------|Soil |Hi |Lo |Avg|DFN|Total |Days|Temp ------------------------------------------------------------- Northwest (1) | Chalmers_5W |98 60 78 +5 0.66 2 Valparaiso_AP_I |94 59 77 +6 0.78 3 Wanatah |95 56 77 +6 0.47 2 82 Wheatfield |94 59 77 +6 1.42 2 Winamac |93 59 78 +7 0.54 2 83 North Central(2)| Plymouth |93 59 76 +5 1.09 2 South_Bend |92 58 78 +7 0.35 1 Young_America |93 61 77 +6 0.75 2 Northeast (3) | Columbia_City |90 58 75 +5 0.24 2 81 Fort_Wayne |92 61 77 +5 1.05 2 West Central (4)| Greencastle |88 59 75 +1 1.99 3 Perrysville |91 61 77 +4 0.21 1 78 Spencer_Ag |90 61 76 +4 1.47 3 Terre_Haute_AFB |91 61 78 +4 0.54 3 W_Lafayette_6NW |92 60 77 +5 1.27 4 81 Central (5) | Eagle_Creek_AP |90 64 77 +4 1.56 4 Greenfield |90 62 77 +4 3.36 4 Indianapolis_AP |91 62 77 +4 1.00 3 Indianapolis_SE |90 60 76 +3 3.60 4 Tipton_Ag |92 60 75 +3 1.56 2 79 East Central (6)| Farmland |94 60 77 +6 1.22 3 78 New_Castle |87 60 73 +2 1.80 2 Southwest (7) | Evansville |92 69 80 +3 0.92 2 Freelandville |91 67 79 +5 0.39 3 Shoals |90 63 77 +4 0.62 2 Stendal |90 68 79 +4 0.58 3 Vincennes_5NE |94 65 79 +4 0.78 2 78 South Central(8)| Leavenworth |90 66 79 +5 0.07 1 Oolitic |90 63 77 +5 2.43 4 78 Tell_City |93 67 80 +5 0.34 1 Southeast (9) | Brookville |92 63 78 +7 0.11 2 Milan_5NE |87 59 74 +2 1.93 3 Scottsburg |89 62 77 +3 0.81 2 ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- | Accumulation | April 1, 2002 thru Station | June 30, 2002 | Precipitation |GDD Base 50oF | | | | | |Total | DFN |Days|Total| DFN ------------------------------------------------------------- Northwest (1) | Chalmers_5W |10.77 -0.50 42 1102 -30 Valparaiso_AP_I |11.46 -0.58 36 1090 +104 Wanatah |11.45 +0.05 39 1021 +91 Wheatfield |11.06 -0.25 33 1057 +94 Winamac |11.27 -0.11 40 1040 +18 North Central(2)| Plymouth |12.81 +0.95 41 977 -90 South_Bend |10.21 -0.94 39 1034 +69 Young_America |12.52 +1.58 37 1137 +104 Northeast (3) | Columbia_City |11.09 -0.15 39 971 +57 Fort_Wayne |13.17 +2.76 36 1099 +81 West Central (4)| Greencastle |18.71 +6.48 39 1098 -109 Perrysville |17.25 +5.13 40 1176 +61 Spencer_Ag |19.67 +6.84 43 1165 +53 Terre_Haute_AFB |25.23 +13.29 42 1320 +119 W_Lafayette_6NW |16.87 +5.56 46 1161 +121 Central (5) | Eagle_Creek_AP |16.58 +5.39 42 1260 +72 Greenfield |20.52 +8.68 45 1188 +69 Indianapolis_AP |16.22 +5.03 38 1318 +130 Indianapolis_SE |19.52 +8.11 38 1185 +22 Tipton_Ag |13.88 +2.67 38 1071 +76 East Central (6)| Farmland |13.09 +1.61 43 1120 +160 New_Castle |16.43 +4.00 34 965 -20 Southwest (7) | Evansville |17.15 +4.89 33 1584 +145 Freelandville |17.81 +5.21 33 1380 +128 Shoals |19.34 +5.93 34 1296 +97 Stendal |19.69 +5.92 33 1450 +119 Vincennes_5NE |19.47 +6.87 35 1418 +166 South Central(8)| Leavenworth |16.68 +3.10 30 1397 +197 Oolitic |22.34 +9.56 42 1250 +120 Tell_City |17.82 +4.12 26 1660 +312 Southeast (9) | Brookville |17.99 +5.91 35 1253 +212 Milan_5NE |23.41 +11.33 42 1072 +31 Scottsburg |19.49 +7.08 38 1297 +54 ------------------------------------------------------------- DFN = Departure From Normal (Using 1961-90 Normals Period). GDD = Growing Degree Days. Precipitation (Rainfall or melted snow/ice) in inches. Precipitation Days = Days with precip of .01 inch or more. Air Temperatures in Degrees Fahrenheit. Copyright 2002: AWIS, Inc. All rights reserved. The above weather information is provided by AWIS, Inc. For detailed ag weather forecasts and data visit the AWIS home page at www.awis.com or call toll free at 1-888-798-9955. The INDIANA CROP WEATHER REPORT (USPS 675-770), (ISSN 0442-817X) is issued weekly April through November by the Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service, 1435 Win Hentschel Blvd, Suite B105, West Lafayette IN 47906-4145. Second Class postage paid at Lafayette IN. For information on subscribing, send request to above address. POSTMASTER: Send address change to the Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service, 1435 Win Hentschel Blvd, Suite B105, West Lafayette IN 47906-4145. Source: Indiana Agricultural Statistics Service